Production practices based on “prescriptive” (i.e. conventional) and “restrictive (i.e. organic) criteria simplify management by reducing options. Restrictive criteria that establish certifiable boundaries also serve as marketing tools. However, agriculture is always the most sustainable when the widest possible range of production tools can be used (click on “Agriculture in Crisis” for information about sustainability.)

Over the years we have learned how to incorporate individual management tools into a comprehensive management system that requires the understanding and regard for interactions among the various components. This is an adaptive system that is responsive to changing circumstances. The result is an Integrated Production Management (IPM) system that we feel is even more comprehensive than the Integrated Pest Management practices generally associated with this acronym.

Following is an outline of some of IPM practices and/or criteria that we consider at Carandale Farm.

I. Cultural Consideration

A. Varietal resistance to pests

B. Site selection and field layout

1. Use prevailing wind direction for fast foliage dry down

2. Use natural topographic features for good surface drainage

3. Use slope and sun exposure to maximize crop response

4. Use existing (or establish) windbreaks to reduce soil loss and wind stress

5. Avoid excessive slope to reduce soil erosion and nutrient loss

6. Avoid soils with poor nutrient attenuation (sandy, shallow, high ground water)

C. Management practices

1. Use shallow cultivation for weed control

2. Time overhead irrigation to avoid long periods of leaf wetness

3. Use organic mulch appropriately to:

a. Reduce raindrop impact on bare soil

b. Reduce spread of soil borne foliar and fruit diseases

c. Reduce soil temperature

d. Conserve moisture

e. Retard weed germination

f. Provide winter protection

4. Add compost as a soil conditioner

5. Add soil nutrients based on soil nutrient testing

6. Use of leaf analysis

7. Formulate a strategy to avoid soil compaction

a. Minimize trips through field

b. Use lightest equipment with widest tires

c. Avoid entry during wet periods

d. Use mechanical sub-soiler

8. Incorporate green manure crops

9. Rogue diseased plants

10. Prune and destroy diseased tissue (trees)

11. Mow surrounding areas to reduce source of weed seeds

12. Practice crop rotation

a. Rotate with dissimilar crops to break the pathogen cycle

b. Rotate with legumes to fix nitrogen and increase fertility

c. Rotate with cover crops that have allelopathic properties

Natural biological control organisms range from soil bacteria to mammals. Control methods include competition, parasitism, allelopathic effects, toxic releases, micro-environmental modification and predatiousness.

II. Natural Biological Control Considerations

A. Identify pest organisms

B. Identify Natural Control Organisms (NCO)

C. Identify the environmental needs of NCO’s

1. Habitat requirements

2. Food sources

3. Life cycles

4. Vulnerability to inorganic compounds (pesticide groups)

D. Environmental enhancement

1. Provide cover

2. Modify mechanical practices that damage habitat

3. Provide (alternate) food sources

4. Adjust cultural practices

5. Coordinate other practices with NCO life cycle

6. Avoid and/or time pesticide intervention to protect NCO’s

7. Provide alternative habitat (e.g. nesting sites for birds)

Checking our fields on a continuous basis for pest problems is a critical part of IPM. It is important to identify problems early. Damage threshold is when actual damage starts to show up. Action threshold is when damage becomes severe enough that pesticide intervention would be considered to maintain crop yield and/or quality. In our management system, the plants’ natural immune response and NCO’s usually keep pest damage below the action threshold.

III. Threshold Considerations

A. Monitor pest types and numbers

B. Monitor pest distribution

C. Monitor conditions favorable for pest outbreak

D. Monitor the presence of control organisms

E. Use established action threshold for intervention (depending

on the status of Natural Control Organisms)

F. Use experience and judgment

G. Use chemical intervention only when the action threshold

has been reached (for insects and weeds)

H. Intervene for fungal diseases based on point C (above)

IV. Biological Intervention

A. Consider importing biological agents native to the area to enhance NCO’s

B. Avoid introducing new exotic control organisms that:

1. Probably will not survive long enough to be effective

2. Could have an unanticipated negative affect on the environment

V. Chemical Pesticide Intervention

A. Used as the last line of defense against pests

B. Used only when economic threshold levels have been reached

or are imminent (in the case of fungal diseases)

C. Material selection based on:

1. Least impact on natural NCO’s and pollinators

2. Least residue concerns

3. Least persistence in the environment

4. Least potential for leaching and ground water contamination

5. The most targeted to the pest

6. Efficacy to control the target pest

7. Least toxic to handle

8. Availability and cost effectiveness

D. To be applied as a spot treatment if possible

E. To be applied at the lowest effective rate.

F. Timed to avoid contact with fruit

G. Discontinued well in advance of harvest

Summary

Healthy plants can tolerate some degree of insect and disease pressure before fruit quality and yield are affected. In fact a certain amount of stress is required to activate a plants’ natural immune response. Recent research suggests that some level of disease and insect pressure is necessary for fruits and vegetables to produce optimum levels of phenolic metabolites that play critical roles in human health due to their potent antioxidant activity and anti-cancer properties.

A recent article in the Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry (vol. 51, No. 5, 2003) found that these important nutriceutical compounds were “highest in crops grown by sustainable (IPM) agricultural methods as compared to organic methods. This may reflect balance between adequate nutrition, as all sustainable crops were treated with synthetic fertilizers, and the requisite pathogenic pressures that lead to the synthesis of TP’s” (total phenolics). This in is fact one concern about a restrictive production system that limits management options.

         

Habitat for one of our NCO's - we have approximately 50 nesting sites which are nearly 100% occupied by Blue birds and Tree Swallows that provide natural insect control.